However, there are significant variations between A. The gene arrangement, base composition, codon usage and tRNA structure of A. In the deduced putative amino acid sequences, CO1 is highly conserved (99.2%), and ATP8 apparently evolves faster any of the other protein-coding gene (85.2%). brevispinus is found to be highest in the CO2 and CO3 regions (both 90.6%) and lowest in ND2 gene (84.2%) among the 13 protein-coding genes. The percent similarity of nucleotide sequences between A. brevispinus on their L strands that encode the majority of protein-coding genes are 56.3% and 56.4% respectively and are lower than that of A. They contain 13 proteins, 2 rRNA, and 22 tRNA genes and the putative control region in the same order as the asteroid, Asterina pectinifera. These values fall within the length variation range reported for other metazoan mitochondrial genomes. brevispinus are 16,234 bp and 16,254 bp in size, respectively. brevispinus were determined and their characteristics discussed. planci and its putative sibling species, A. To obtain genomic information for these purposes, the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome of A. Therefore the development of highly polymorphic genetic markers has the potential to overcome these difficulties. Also, no tools are available to reveal the dispersal pathway of A. planci larvae in plankton samples without species-specific markers. planci larvae have undistinguished morphological features compared with other asteroid larvae, hence it has been difficult to discriminate A. Because of its high fecundity and the long duration of the pelagic larval stage, the mechanism of outbreaks may be related to its meta-population dynamics, which should be examined by larval sampling and population genetic analysis. The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.), has been blamed for coral mortality in a large number of coral reef systems situated in the Indo-Pacific region.
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